Temperature has a significant impact—most electric personal mobility devices use 18650 lithium‑ion batteries. The “18” denotes a diameter of 18 mm, the “65” indicates a length of 65 mm, and the “0” signifies a cylindrical cell design. Lithium‑ion battery temperature: Quick science—why do lithium‑ion batteries perform poorly in terms of range during winter?
　　Inside a lithium‑ion battery, all the lithium ions are stored at the positive electrode, while the negative electrode is made of graphite (carbon). Between the two electrodes lies the electrolyte and the separator. During discharge, lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode, and this flow of ions generates the electrical energy needed to power an electric vehicle.
　　Lithium‑Battery Temperature: A Quick Guide | Why Does Lithium‑Battery Range Suffer in Winter? When temperatures drop, the rate of charge and discharge processes slows down, reducing the battery’s temperature. As a result, the discharge current decreases, and the battery’s capacity diminishes. The rated operating temperature range for lithium batteries is 0–40°C.
　　However, in practice, when the ambient temperature falls below 25°C, a certain degree of performance degradation becomes inevitable: battery capacity decreases, discharge rates slow down, and output power diminishes. Lithium batteries can achieve their maximum rated capacity at 25°C; this temperature is commonly used as the test condition in endurance‑range evaluations. In reality, due to variations in battery materials and manufacturing processes, the specific figures may differ slightly.