Lithium batteries are an increasingly widespread energy‑storage and conversion device, thanks to their outstanding electrochemical performance, which supports a growing range of market applications—from small‑scale to medium‑scale to large‑scale. When we discuss the proper methods for using lithium batteries, we typically refer to their small‑scale applications.
　　Namely, consumer electronics such as smartphones and laptops. Since medium- and large-scale applications are built upon small‑scale technologies, the former exhibit common characteristics, whereas the latter are far more complex. Typically, medium‑scale applications are found in new‑energy vehicles, which we generally refer to as power batteries.
　　Large‑scale applications are typically deployed at base stations, where they are commonly referred to as energy‑storage batteries. Therefore, when discussing “lithium‑battery usage,” it is more consistent with common understanding to confine the scope to small‑scale applications. The operating principle of a lithium battery is straightforward: charging stores energy, while discharging converts that stored energy into other forms and releases it.
　　When a lithium battery is neither charging nor discharging, it enters a resting state. Therefore, the proper usage of lithium batteries can be summarized in three key aspects: correct charging, correct discharging, and proper maintenance. It’s crucial to charge at the right time to prevent overcharging. Doing the right thing at the right time is essential—although lithium batteries themselves boast excellent electrochemical performance, any system that deviates from its equilibrium can pose safety risks.